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Related Concept Videos

Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Cheek Injection Model for Simultaneous Measurement of Pain and Itch-related Behaviors
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Peripheral itch sensitization in atopic dermatitis.

Mitsutoshi Tominaga1, Kenji Takamori2

  • 1Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.

Allergology International : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology
|May 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Atopic dermatitis involves dry skin, inflammation, and chronic itch. Controlling itch is key to managing this condition by addressing the skin barrier-neuro-immune connection.

Keywords:
Atopic dermatitisCytokinesItch sensitizationOpioidsSensory neurons

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin condition characterized by dryness, barrier dysfunction, inflammation, and intense itch (pruritus).
  • The pathogenesis of AD involves a lowered itch threshold, partly due to increased intraepidermal nerve fibers and sensory nerve sensitization by interleukin-33 (IL-33).
  • Mechanical and chemical stimuli exacerbate itch in AD, triggering a cycle of scratching that further compromises the skin barrier.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss recent advancements in understanding peripheral itch sensitization mechanisms in atopic dermatitis.
  • To highlight the interconnectedness of the skin barrier, nervous system, and immune system in AD pathogenesis.
  • To emphasize the critical role of itch control in managing atopic dermatitis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on atopic dermatitis pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of the neuro-immune interactions in peripheral itch sensitization.
  • Focus on the triadic connectivity between skin barrier, nerves, and immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Dry skin and barrier dysfunction lower the itch threshold in AD.
  • Interleukin-33 (IL-33) contributes to nerve fiber proliferation and sensory nerve sensitization.
  • Scratching disrupts the skin barrier, allowing allergens to induce type 2 inflammation and further itch sensitization via cytokines like IL-4, IL-13, and IL-31.

Conclusions:

  • A vicious itch-scratch cycle, driven by skin barrier disruption and neuro-immune signaling, perpetuates AD.
  • Peripheral itch sensitization is a key mechanism in the disease burden of atopic dermatitis.
  • Targeting itch mechanisms is crucial for effective atopic dermatitis treatment.