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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

275
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
275
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

733
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
733
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

3.5K
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
3.5K
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

525
The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
525
Angina IV: Management01:26

Angina IV: Management

34
IntroductionThe management of angina requires a comprehensive approach that includes pharmacological therapies, medical procedures, and lifestyle modifications.Pharmacological TherapiesAntiplatelet agents, such as aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor, play a pivotal role in preventing thrombus formation in patients with angina. These medications inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce the likelihood of myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular events.Anticoagulants, including...
34
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

383
Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
383

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Treating menopause - MHT and beyond.

Susan R Davis1,2, Rodney J Baber3

  • 1Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. susan.davis@monash.edu.

Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
|May 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopause, the cessation of ovarian function, affects all women past midlife. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) can manage symptoms and prevent long-term health risks associated with estrogen loss.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Gerontology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Menopause, defined as the cessation of ovarian function, is an inevitable stage of aging for all women.
  • The age of menopause influences long-term health, with early menopause linked to increased risks of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and mortality.
  • Estrogen deficiency following menopause causes characteristic symptoms and adverse health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the contemporary use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT).
  • To discuss novel pharmaceutical alternatives for managing menopausal symptoms.
  • To highlight comprehensive care strategies for postmenopausal women.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current literature on menopause management.
  • It focuses on the efficacy and application of MHT and emerging treatments.
  • Lifestyle optimization and chronic disease risk factor management are also considered.

Main Results:

  • Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) effectively alleviates menopausal symptoms.
  • MHT helps prevent bone loss and mitigate cardiometabolic changes post-menopause.
  • Comprehensive care includes lifestyle adjustments and management of other health risks.

Conclusions:

  • Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) remains a key strategy for managing menopausal symptoms and associated health risks.
  • Novel pharmaceutical alternatives offer additional options for symptom management.
  • Holistic care, including lifestyle modifications, is crucial for postmenopausal well-being.