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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion01:17

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

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Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the respiratory system, this...
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Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

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Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
462
Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

705
Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is...
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Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs01:19

Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs

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Following these guidelines can help nurses accurately measure vital signs, assess changes in patient conditions, and provide timely treatment when necessary. Adhering closely to the guidelines ensures the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Before taking a patient's vital signs, a nurse would consider and assess the patient's comfort level and ensure appropriate equipment is available.
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Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask01:26

Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask

649
The human body requires oxygen to function, and when the natural process of respiration is hindered, external devices, including the following, are needed to help deliver this vital gas.
Nasal Cannula
A nasal cannula is a lightweight tube split at one end into two prongs and placed in the nostrils. It is typically used to deliver low to medium levels of oxygen.
Suggested flow rate: The suggested flow rate for a nasal cannula typically ranges between 1 and 6 L/min.
Oxygen percentage setting:...
649
Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen01:16

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

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Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
Venturi Mask
The Venturi mask, named after the Venturi effect, is designed to deliver precise oxygen concentrations. It consists of a large tube with an oxygen inlet that narrows down, causing a pressure drop that pulls air in through adjustable side ports. The mask is a lightweight,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care
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Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

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A Patient-Ready Wearable Transcutaneous CO2 Sensor.

Juan Pedro Cascales1, Xiaolei Li1, Emmanuel Roussakis1

  • 1Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts Genetal Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.

Biosensors
|May 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new wearable device for real-time transcutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring. The device uses a novel fluorescent film, offering a promising solution for continuous CO2 tracking in respiratory and cardiac care.

Keywords:
CO2 partial pressureHPTSluminescent probetranscutaneous sensorwearable device

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Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Sensing Technology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Continuous transcutaneous CO2 monitoring is vital for respiratory and cardiac disease management.
  • Existing CO2 sensors face challenges in portable, real-time wearable applications.
  • Prior research established transcutaneous oxygen-sensing technology for clinical validation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a wearable prototype device for transcutaneous CO2 monitoring.
  • To create a novel CO2-sensing film utilizing fluorescence.
  • To enable real-time, portable CO2 tracking.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a wearable prototype device.
  • Development of a CO2-sensing film with embedded fluorescent pH indicator (HPTS) in hydrophobic polymer matrices.
  • Quantification of film fluorescence for CO2 partial pressure measurement.

Main Results:

  • The developed film exhibits high sensitivity to CO2 partial pressure within the physiological range.
  • The sensing film demonstrates excellent photostability and humidity insensitivity.
  • The prototype device leverages prior validated transcutaneous oxygen-sensing technology.

Conclusions:

  • A wearable prototype for transcutaneous CO2 monitoring has been successfully created.
  • The fluorescence-based CO2-sensing film is a viable technology for wearable applications.
  • This advancement holds potential for improved real-time monitoring in respiratory and cardiac conditions.