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Related Concept Videos

Serial Position Effect01:03

Serial Position Effect

250
The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
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Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion01:20

Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
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Framing Effects03:26

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Labeling Emotion01:20

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Emotional labeling is a cognitive process that involves identifying and naming one's emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. It allows individuals to recognize and express their internal emotional states, a critical aspect of emotional regulation and communication. Labeling emotions requires more than mere recognition; it also involves drawing upon memory and contextual cues to understand the current situation and apply a corresponding emotional label. For instance, feeling...
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Role of Affect in Interpersonal Attraction01:24

Role of Affect in Interpersonal Attraction

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Affect plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal evaluations and perceptions. Emotions influence how individuals judge and respond to others, often determining whether interactions are viewed positively or negatively. This effect can manifest directly through interactions with the person in question or indirectly via associations with unrelated emotional experiences.Direct Effects of Affect on AttractionAffect directly influences interpersonal attraction when a person’s behavior...
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Emotional Expression01:26

Emotional Expression

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Emotional expression encompasses how individuals convey their emotions through verbal communication and non-verbal cues. These non-verbal actions include facial expressions, body language, and physical gestures, such as frowning or smiling. Among these, facial expressions play a crucial role in emotional expression and are understood universally, indicating a biological basis for how humans communicate emotions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content
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Emotional Context Shapes the Serial Position Curve.

Fabio Giovannelli1, Iglis Innocenti2, Emiliano Santarnecchi3,4

  • 1Section of Psychology-Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy.

Brain Sciences
|May 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Emotional context impacts memory recall. Emotional images paired with neutral words worsened recall at the start and end of lists but improved memory for middle items, altering the typical serial position effect.

Keywords:
emotional contextmemoryprimacyrecencyserial position curve

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Emotional contexts are known to influence memory.
  • The specific effect of emotional context valence on neutral memory recall, particularly concerning the serial position effect, requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how emotional context conditioning during encoding affects the recall of neutral words.
  • To determine the influence of emotional valence on the serial position effect in memory.

Main Methods:

  • Participants engaged in a free recall task with neutral words under three conditions: list alone, list with positive/neutral images, and list with negative/neutral images.
  • Emotional context was manipulated using images presented before word stimuli.
  • Experiments specifically targeted emotional context effects on primacy, recency, and middle word clusters.

Main Results:

  • Emotional context significantly altered the serial position curve for neutral stimuli.
  • Emotional images in primacy and recency clusters decreased recall accuracy.
  • Emotional images in the middle cluster reduced forgetting (oblivion).

Conclusions:

  • The typical serial position curve for neutral information can be modified by emotional context conditioning.
  • These findings have implications for understanding memory in emotionally charged situations, including legal contexts.