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Related Concept Videos

Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

83.0K
Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...
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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
9.0K
Enzymes and Activation Energy01:13

Enzymes and Activation Energy

12.7K
The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to occur. During chemical reactions, certain chemical bonds break, and new ones form. For example, when a glucose molecule breaks down, bonds between the molecule's carbon atoms break. Since these are energy-storing bonds, they release energy when broken. However, the molecule must be somewhat contorted to get into a state that allows the bonds to...
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Induced-fit Model01:13

Induced-fit Model

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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
Enzymes exhibit substrate specificity, meaning that they can only bind to certain substrates. This is mainly determined by the shape and chemical...
82.5K
Enzyme Kinetics01:19

Enzyme Kinetics

99.2K
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
Scientists typically study enzyme kinetics with a fixed amount of enzyme in the controlled environment of a test tube. When more reactant, or substrate, is...
99.2K
Introduction to Enzymes01:22

Introduction to Enzymes

20.2K
The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
Most enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. Enzymes contain one or more active sites that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Multi-enzyme Screening Using a High-throughput Genetic Enzyme Screening System
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Current Strategies for Real-Time Enzyme Activation.

Fang Wang1, Yuchen Liu1, Chang Du1

  • 1Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.

Biomolecules
|May 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Emerging technologies like near-infrared (NIR) and ultrasound offer precise, real-time enzyme activation, overcoming limitations of traditional methods for enhanced biotransformation and diverse applications.

Keywords:
activation strategiesalternating magnetic fieldenzyme activitymicrowavenear infraredultrasound irradiation

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Enzyme activation is crucial for biotransformation, enhancing reaction rates and product yield.
  • Conventional methods (genetic engineering, chemical modification) are often irreversible and complex.
  • Limitations include process complexity and unpredictable outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of emerging real-time enzyme activation technologies.
  • To summarize the characteristics and applications of these advanced activation strategies.
  • To highlight the advantages over conventional enzyme activation methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in enzyme activation using physical stimuli.
  • Focus on near-infrared (NIR), alternating magnetic field (AMF), microwave, and ultrasound irradiation.
  • Discussion of enzyme immobilization on responsive nanomaterials.

Main Results:

  • Physical activation strategies offer deep penetrability, sustainability, and low invasiveness.
  • These methods induce favorable enzyme conformational changes, improving stability, stereoselectivity, and kinetics.
  • Optimization of nanomaterial properties and activation parameters is key for efficient enzyme activation.

Conclusions:

  • Real-time, controllable enzyme activation is achievable through physical methods.
  • These strategies have broad applications in biomedical fields, industrial processes, and chemical synthesis.
  • Further research into optimizing nanomaterials and activation parameters will enhance enzyme activity control.