Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure
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Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Published on: September 19, 2019

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Same Behaviors, Different Outcomes: Mothers' and Fathers' Observed Challenging Behaviors Measured Using a New Coding

Eric L Olofson1, Sarah J Schoppe-Sullivan2

  • 1Psychology Department, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, IN 47933, USA.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 28, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Fathers

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Parenting Studies
  • Child Social-Emotional Development

Background:

  • Parenting quality is crucial for child development.
  • Existing measures may not fully capture nuanced parenting behaviors.
  • Understanding parent-child interactions in early childhood is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the Risky Interaction Support and Challenge Scale (RISCS) for measuring parenting behaviors.
  • To examine the associations between specific parenting behaviors and 1-year-olds' social-emotional development.
  • To explore potential gender differences in parenting behaviors and their impact.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of the novel Risky Interaction Support and Challenge Scale (RISCS).
  • Observation of 1-year-olds interacting with parents (fathers and mothers) on a play structure.
  • Reliable coding of parental behaviors related to challenge, support, and autonomy allowance.

Main Results:

  • The RISCS effectively measured various dimensions of parent behavior during parent-child interactions.
  • Fathers' autonomy allowance and lower overprotection were linked to reduced internalizing behaviors in toddlers.
  • Mothers' challenge of regulatory competence correlated with lower externalizing behaviors and higher competence in toddlers.

Conclusions:

  • Parenting behaviors, measured by RISCS, show distinct associations with different aspects of child social-emotional development.
  • Fathering and mothering styles appear to uniquely influence specific developmental outcomes.
  • Findings contribute to attachment theory and the understanding of father-child relationships.

Keywords:
activationattachmentexplorationexternalizing problemsfathersinternalizing problemssocioemotional development

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