Microwaves and the cell membrane. III. Protein shedding is oxygen and temperature dependent: evidence for cation...

Microwaves (2450 MHz, 60 mW/g) are shown to result in the release or shedding of at least 11 low-molecular-weight proteins (less than or equal to 31,000 Da) from rabbit erythrocytes maintained in physiological buffer. Protein release was detected by gel electrophoresis of cell-free supernatants using sensitive silver staining. This release is oxygen dependent and occurs in 30 min for exposures conducted within the special temperature region of 17-21 degrees C, which is linked to a structural or conformational transition in the cell membrane. Shedding of 26,000 and 24,000 Da proteins is unique to microwave treatment, with enhanced release of 28,000 and less than or equal to 15,000 Da species during microwave compared to sham exposures. Two-dimensional isoelectric focusing further reveals that proteins of less than or equal to 14,000 Da shed during microwave treatment exhibit a pI of 6.8-7.3 not seen in sham-treated cells. Treatment of erythrocytes with a serine-directed protease inhibitor does not prevent release of proteins. However, when erythrocytes are maintained at 17-21 degrees C by conventional heating in the absence of divalent cations, release of 28,000-31,000 and less than or equal to 14,000 Da components is detected. This indicates that cation-bridge stability may be important for release of these proteins. The above results provide evidence that microwaves alter erythrocyte protein composition at temperatures linked to a transition in the cell membrane and that destabilization of salt bridges may play a role in an interaction mechanism for protein release.