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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

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PAX9 in Cancer Development.

Xiaoxin Chen1, Yahui Li1, Chorlada Paiboonrungruang1

  • 1Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paired box 9 (PAX9) is a transcription factor with known roles in embryonic development. This review explores its largely unknown functions and mechanisms in cancer, highlighting its potential role in carcinogenesis.

Keywords:
PAX9cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Paired box 9 (PAX9) is a transcription factor involved in embryonic development.
  • Its specific roles and molecular mechanisms in cancer development remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of PAX9 expression and its regulation in cancer.
  • To explore the downstream effects and potential contribution of PAX9 to carcinogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on PAX9 expression, regulation, and function in cancer.
  • Analysis of upstream regulatory mechanisms including epigenetic modifications and signaling pathways.
  • Examination of downstream transcriptional targets and related molecular pathways.

Main Results:

  • PAX9 expression is regulated by various mechanisms, including promoter hypermethylation, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), microRNAs, and upstream pathway inhibition (e.g., NOTCH) leading to downregulation.
  • Gene amplification and epigenetic axes can upregulate PAX9 expression.
  • Dysregulation of PAX9 targets and pathways may contribute to cancer development.

Conclusions:

  • PAX9's role in cancer is complex, involving both activation and repression functions.
  • Further extensive studies on PAX9 in cellular and tissue contexts are crucial for understanding its role in various cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), lung cancer, and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).