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Related Concept Videos

Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

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How Cell Geometry and Cellular Patterning Influence Tissue Stiffness.

Mateusz Majda1, Nicola Trozzi1, Gabriella Mosca2,3

  • 1Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant cell growth involves cell wall relaxation. Onion epidermal peels appear stiffer in the growth direction, but cell geometry indicates the cell wall is actually softer, aligning with growth direction.

Keywords:
FEMMorphoMechanXMorphoRobotXbiomechanicscell geometrycell growthcellular patterningfinite element methodmicroextensometermodeling

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Biophysics
  • Mechanobiology

Background:

  • Plant cell growth is driven by turgor pressure and cell wall relaxation.
  • Anisotropic growth often correlates with lower cell wall stiffness, but experiments show the opposite in onion epidermis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how cell geometry and patterning influence tissue-level mechanical measurements.
  • To reconcile conflicting data on cell wall stiffness and growth direction in plants.

Main Methods:

  • Microextensometer experiments on onion epidermal peels.
  • Finite element method (FEM) modeling of cellular mechanics.

Main Results:

  • Tissue apparent stiffness is influenced by cell orientation.
  • Simulations showed tissue appears softer transversely than longitudinally.
  • Cellular geometry effects reconcile experimental stiffness measurements with growth direction.

Conclusions:

  • Despite apparent tissue stiffness, the cell wall is softer along the principal growth direction in onion epidermis.
  • Cellular geometry plays a critical role in determining tissue-level mechanical properties and growth anisotropy.