Current Knowledge on Exosome Biogenesis, Cargo-Sorting Mechanism and Therapeutic Implications
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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: Development of a Large-Scale, Reproducible Production Method for Exosome Mimetics Using Magnetic Nanoparticles
Published on: January 26, 2024
Shenmin Xie1, Qin Zhang1,2, Li Jiang1
1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Abstract:
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles released by donor cells that can be taken up by recipient cells. The study of EVs has the potential to identify unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and disease. Exosomes, with an average diameter of ≈100 nanometers, are a subset of EVs. Different molecular families have been shown to be involved in the formation of exosomes and subsequent secretion of exosomes, which largely leads to the complexity of the form, structure and function of exosomes. In addition, because of their low immunogenicity and ability to transfer a variety of bioactive components to recipient cells, exosomes are regarded as effective drug delivery systems. This review summarizes the known mechanisms of exosomes biogenesis, cargo loading, exosomes release and bioengineering, which is of great importance for further exploration into the clinical applications of EVs.
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