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Related Concept Videos

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

19.5K
In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
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Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

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The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
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The Citric Acid Cycle: Output01:28

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

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The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is...
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Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:15

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

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Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Establishment of a Mouse Model with Cough Hypersensitivity via Inhalation of Citric Acid
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Citric Acid: A Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Excipient.

Maria Lambros1, Thac Henry Tran1, Qinqin Fei1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.

Pharmaceutics
|May 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Citric acid is a versatile pharmaceutical ingredient, leveraging its chemical properties to enhance drug formulations through biodegradable polymers and co-amorphous/co-crystal applications. Its use offers green chemistry benefits while requiring careful consideration of formulation impacts.

Keywords:
citratescitric acidco-amorphousco-crystalseffervescenceexcipientformulationlyophilizationproteolytic inhibitortaste masking

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Citric acid is a biocompatible, environmentally friendly tricarboxylic acid widely used in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
  • Its unique chemical structure, featuring three carboxylic groups and one hydroxyl group, dictates its diverse functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pharmaceutical applications of citric acid in drug formulation.
  • To highlight the impact of its physicochemical properties on drug delivery systems.
  • To critically discuss its physiological effects and potential formulation challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pharmaceutical applications of citric acid.
  • Analysis of citric acid's physicochemical properties and their role in formulation.
  • Discussion of its use as a crosslinker and co-former.
  • Examination of physiological effects and formulation considerations.

Main Results:

  • Citric acid serves as a crosslinker for biodegradable polymers and a co-former for co-amorphous and co-crystal systems.
  • Its properties can be exploited to enhance pharmaceutical preparations.
  • Potential issues arising from its inclusion in formulations are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Citric acid is a valuable and strategic ingredient in pharmaceutical formulations due to its versatile chemical nature and green credentials.
  • Understanding its properties is key to optimizing drug delivery and mitigating potential formulation challenges.