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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Human Retrovirus Genomic RNA Packaging.

Heather M Hanson1,2, Nora A Willkomm2,3, Huixin Yang2,4

  • 1Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

Viruses
|May 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details retroviral RNA packaging, focusing on human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1). It updates knowledge on genomic RNA nuclear export, translocation, and dimerization for virus assembly.

Keywords:
RNA dimerizationRNA encapsidationRNA translocationdeltaretrovirushuman retroviruslentivirusnuclear export

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Retroviral RNA packaging is crucial for virus particle formation, involving nuclear export, translocation, and specific Gag protein interaction.
  • Despite progress, the precise mechanisms of genomic RNA packaging in human disease-causing retroviruses remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review on the advancements in understanding retroviral RNA packaging mechanisms.
  • To highlight recent findings concerning genomic RNA nuclear export, translocation to assembly sites, and dimerization.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current research and literature on retroviral RNA packaging.
  • Focuses on key processes including RNA export, protein interactions, and genome translocation.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies have elucidated details of genomic RNA nuclear export and translocation to virus assembly sites.
  • Specific interactions between genomic RNA and Gag proteins are critical for efficient packaging.
  • Genomic RNA dimerization is an important step preceding or during packaging.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding retroviral RNA packaging, particularly for HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-1.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex molecular events governing efficient and specific RNA packaging.