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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films
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Introduction to the Colloidal Glass Transition.

Eric R Weeks1

  • 1Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.

ACS Macro Letters
|May 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Colloidal suspensions with high particle concentrations mimic traditional glasses, offering insights into the glass transition. This viewpoint explores their intriguing behaviors and remaining scientific questions.

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Colloidal suspensions are liquid-based mixtures with dispersed solid particles.
  • At high concentrations, these systems exhibit glassy behavior.
  • Colloids serve as model systems for studying the glass transition phenomenon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize intriguing behaviors observed in the colloidal glass transition.
  • To discuss current open questions in the field of colloidal glasses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and research on colloidal systems.
  • Analysis of the analogy between colloidal particles and molecules in traditional glasses.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: Sep 21, 2025

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  • Colloidal particles at high concentrations display behaviors analogous to molecular glasses.
  • The study highlights the utility of colloids as model systems for glass transition research.

    • Conclusions:

    • Colloidal glasses offer a unique platform for understanding fundamental glass transition physics.
    • Further research is needed to address the open questions in colloidal glass behavior.