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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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Sjögren syndrome: looking forward to the future.

Sara Zandonella Callegher1, Ivan Giovannini2, Sabine Zenz3

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Recent advances in primary Sjögren

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology, Immunology, and Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disease with diverse patient manifestations.
  • Understanding pSS progression from early stages to established disease is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of primary Sjögren's syndrome.
  • To explore future clinical and research directions for pSS.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative literature review analyzing diagnostic, prognostic, and management aspects of pSS.
  • Focus on early disease phases, diagnostic innovations, and patient stratification strategies.

Main Results:

  • Salivary gland ultrasound (SGUS) shows promise as a diagnostic tool, potentially complementing or replacing histopathology.
  • Innovations include AI in SGUS, ultrasound-guided biopsy, and novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.
  • Patient stratification using integrated data is key for personalized treatment and lymphoma risk assessment.

Conclusions:

  • pSS management requires considering disease heterogeneity across stages and patient subsets.
  • Emerging diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are poised to enhance clinical practice and patient outcomes.
  • Further research into treatment response evaluation is needed for optimizing individualized care.