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Related Concept Videos

Synthetic Biology02:55

Synthetic Biology

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Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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The Central Dogma01:20

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The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Drug Discovery: Overview01:26

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Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...
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A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq
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A synthetic synthesis to explore animal evolution and development.

Mindy Liu Perkins1, Lautaro Gandara1, Justin Crocker1

  • 1Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|May 31, 2022
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Synthetic biology tools offer a systematic way to study how genes create traits and enable adaptation. Combining these methods with detailed phenotyping can unlock a comprehensive theory of evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Understanding genotype-to-phenotype conversion is a major challenge in post-genomic research.
  • Predictive models for gene interactions, cellular responses, and phenotypic variation in adaptive evolution are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how synthetic biology techniques can systematically investigate evolvability.
  • To bridge the gap between genetic information and observable traits through controlled experimentation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing synthetic biology for controlled manipulation of endogenous and engineered biological systems.
  • Employing multi-level phenotyping (phenomics) for quantitative characterization of organismal responses.
  • Integrating high-throughput experimental data with mathematical and computational approaches.

Main Results:

  • Synthetic approaches provide a flexible platform for investigating causal mechanisms in vivo.
  • Phenomics enables detailed characterization of how stimuli influence morphology and behavior.
  • The integration of diverse data and techniques facilitates a deeper understanding of evolutionary processes.

Conclusions:

  • Synthetic biology and phenomics are crucial for dissecting genotype-phenotype relationships.
  • A comprehensive theory of evolution requires integrating experimental data with computational and mathematical models.
  • This approach advances our understanding of adaptive evolution and speciation.