Recurrent hematuria: A rare presentation of leiomyosarcoma of the prostate

Prostatic leiomyosarcoma is a rare aggressive tumor. The presentation came with non-specific signs and symptoms likewise other forms of prostatic pathology like benign prostatic hyperplasia.

A 64 years old man presented to the emergency with a recurrent macroscopic hematuria, he was a heavy smoker and has reported lower urinary tract symptoms. On the physical examination, the patient was hemodynamically stable and afebrile. However, the digital rectal exam revealed an enlarged homogeneous prostate without any palpable nodule. Pelvic transabdominal ultrasound showed an enlarged prostate and a thickening of the bladder's left lateral wall. The CT-scan showed a large and heterogeneous mass arising from the left bladder wall measuring 100 mm, which extends through almost the entire bladder wall. Furthermore, the patient performed cystoscopy, performed by a Urology Professor, showing a normal urethra, a normal prostate gland, and a large solid bladder mass with multiple clots. Subsequently, multiple masses' biopsies were performed. The diagnosis of a primary protatic leomyosarcoma was based on the clinical findings and on the histopathological exam. The patient was prepared for a radical cystoprostatectomy, which would be performed by a Urology Professor, but he died of cardiac arrest before undergoing surgery.

There are no specific clinical presentations of prostatic sarcoma, patients normally complain of urinary frequency and urinary urgency. Due to the lack of typical clinical symptoms, the tumor is easily overlooked or misdiagnosed as benign prostatic hyperplasia. In this case, the first symptom was a recurrent hematuria in a 64 years-old heavy smoker, which is a relatively rare obvious symptom according to literature. As showed in this case, recurrent hematuria may delay the diagnosis. Concerning the management of prostatic leiomyosarcoma, there are no standard recommendations. Multimodality combination treatments including surgery, pre or postoperative radiotherapy and neo or adjuvant chemotherapy have been used in the management of leiomyosarcoma of prostate.

Prostatic leiomyosarcoma poses a unique diagnostic challenge, as clinical presentation alone may not always be suggestive, an unsual clinical presentation as recurrent hematuria must suggest a prostatic leimyosarcoma when associated with urinary frequency and urinary urgency. Histopathological examination and the FNCLCC grading system are essential for the definitive diagnosis. Multimodality treatment regimens including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are recommended.