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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be...
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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
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Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
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Excess Entropy Scaling in Active-Matter Systems.

S Arman Ghaffarizadeh1, Gerald J Wang2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|May 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores transport phenomena in active-matter systems using molecular-dynamics simulations. We found activity-enhanced diffusion and demonstrated an excess entropy scaling relation, connecting system dynamics and structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Active-matter systems harness energy for self-propulsion.
  • Predictive models for active matter transport are crucial for engineering applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate transport phenomena in model active-matter systems.
  • To explore the relationship between system dynamics and structure.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations were employed.
  • The fraction of active particles and their activity levels were systematically varied.

Main Results:

  • Observed activity-enhanced diffusion coefficients.
  • Demonstrated an excess entropy scaling relation, adapted from inactive fluids.
  • Established a link between transport properties and static structure in active systems.

Conclusions:

  • The findings provide a theoretical framework for understanding transport in active matter.
  • This work advances predictive modeling capabilities for active matter systems.
  • Highlights a new connection between dynamics and statics in active systems.