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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks
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Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Published on: May 13, 2016

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Delayed early life effects in the threespine stickleback.

Ulrika Candolin1, Sara Goncalves1, Pankaj Pant1

  • 1Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|June 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryo density in threespine stickleback nests impacts offspring survival. Larger broods hatch smaller and have reduced survival, suggesting a trade-off between offspring number and viability.

Keywords:
density dependencedevelopmentembryofitnessparental caresurvival

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Reproductive strategies

Background:

  • Early life conditions significantly influence long-term viability.
  • Embryo density's impact on viability is understudied in ecological contexts.
  • Embryos compete for resources like nutrients and oxygen, potentially affecting later life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of fertilized egg density on threespine stickleback viability.
  • To explore carry-over and compensatory effects of embryonic resource competition.
  • To understand the adaptive value of reproductive decisions in nest-brooding fishes.

Main Methods:

  • Studied threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) nests.
  • Compared viability of offspring from broods of varying densities.
  • Monitored survival rates until four weeks post-hatching.

Main Results:

  • Embryo density in nests significantly affects post-hatching viability.
  • Embryos from larger broods hatched earlier but at smaller sizes.
  • Smaller hatch size correlated with reduced survival to four weeks.

Conclusions:

  • A trade-off exists between offspring number and viability in threespine sticklebacks.
  • Partial egg cannibalism may be an adaptive strategy to enhance offspring survival.
  • Embryonic conditions are crucial for evaluating early life impacts on viability.