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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs
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Socioeconomic and immigration status and COVID-19 testing in Toronto, Ontario: retrospective cross-sectional study

Braden O'Neill1,2,3, Sumeet Kalia4, Susan Hum5,6

  • 1MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada. braden.oneill@unityhealth.to.

BMC Public Health
|June 1, 2022
PubMed
Abstract

Keywords:
COVID-19Diagnostic tests and proceduresImmigrationPrimary health careSocial determinants of health

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