Environmental footprints of soybean production in China

As a significant protein source for humans and animals, soybean (Glycine max) has experienced a fast growth with the rapid development of population and economy. Despite broad interest in energy consumption and CO₂ emissions generated by soybean production, there are few impact-oriented water footprint assessments of soybean production. This study evaluates the fossil energy, carbon, and water footprints of China's soybean production so that key environmental impacts can be identified. To provide reliable results for decision-making, uncertainty analysis is conducted based on the Monte Carlo model. Results show that the impact on climate change, ecosystem quality, human health, and resources is 3.33 × 10³ kg CO₂ eq (GSD² = 1.87), 6.18 × 10^-5 Species·yr (GSD² = 1.81), 3.26 × 10^-3 Disability-adjusted Life Years (GSD² = 1.81), and 81.51 $ (GSD² = 2.28), respectively. Freshwater ecotoxicity is the dominant contributor (77.69%) to the ecosystem quality category, while climate change (85.22%) is the dominant contributor to the human health category. Key factors analysis results show that diammonium phosphate and diesel, and on-site emissions, are the major contributors to the overall environmental burden of soybean production. Several policy recommendations are proposed, focusing on trade structure optimization, efficient resource use, and technological improvements. Such policy recommendations provide valuable insights to those decision-makers so that they can prepare appropriate mitigation policies.