Organic Chemical Contaminants in Water System Infrastructure Following Wildfire

Wildfires have destroyed multiple residential communities in California in recent years. After fires in 2017 and 2018, high concentrations of benzene and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were found in public drinking water systems in fire-affected areas. The sources of the contamination and appropriate remediation have been urgent matters for investigation. This study characterizes target and non-target VOCs and semi volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in water from a highly contaminated service line after the 2018 Camp Fire (Paradise, CA). Ninety-five organic compounds were identified or tentatively identified in the service line. Laboratory combustion experiments with drinking water pipes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and a review of the literature were used to evaluate potential sources of the detected chemicals. Among the service line contaminants were thirty-two compounds associated with PVC pyrolysis and twenty-eight organic compounds also associated with the pyrolysis of polyethylene. The service line sample also contained fifty-five compounds associated with uncontrolled burning of biomass and waste materials. The findings support hypotheses that wildfires can contaminate drinking water systems both by thermal damage to plastic pipes and intrusion of smoke. Residual chlorine disinfectant in the water system modifies the contaminant distribution observed.