Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

13.5K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
13.5K
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

70.3K
Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
70.3K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.7K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
3.7K
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

30.6K
Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
30.6K
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

29.9K
RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
29.9K
Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

235
Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
235

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Inherited human TFIIIA deficiency disrupts T cell development.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Illuminating ribosome biogenesis disorders through structural biology.

RNA biology·2026
Same author

Comparative analysis of growth and quality traits in promising yellow-fleshed kiwifruit genotypes in the North-Western Himalayas.

BMC plant biology·2026
Same author

Metabolite profiling and enhanced antimicrobial and nematicidal activities of zinc oxide nanoparticle-biofortified Pleurotus mushrooms.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Structure of the NAT10 acetyltransferase and mechanism of tRNA acetylation.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

A RiboCancer cell line panel reveals that CLL-associated Rps15 mutations translationally rewire transcription through codon-specific tRNA accommodation defects.

HemaSphere·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

RIBO-seq in Bacteria: a Sample Collection and Library Preparation Protocol for NGS Sequencing
12:05

RIBO-seq in Bacteria: a Sample Collection and Library Preparation Protocol for NGS Sequencing

Published on: August 7, 2021

8.5K

Probing small ribosomal subunit RNA helix 45 acetylation across eukaryotic evolution.

Marie-Line Bortolin-Cavaillé1, Aurélie Quillien1, Supuni Thalalla Gamage2

  • 1Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCD), UMR5077, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France.

Nucleic Acids Research
|June 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

SNORD13 guides N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) to 18S rRNA in humans and zebrafish, but this modification is dispensable for cell growth. This study explores the evolution of this RNA acetylation process across species.

More Related Videos

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
14:29

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: December 25, 2021

4.2K
Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis
08:07

Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis

Published on: July 6, 2021

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 21, 2025

RIBO-seq in Bacteria: a Sample Collection and Library Preparation Protocol for NGS Sequencing
12:05

RIBO-seq in Bacteria: a Sample Collection and Library Preparation Protocol for NGS Sequencing

Published on: August 7, 2021

8.5K
Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
14:29

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: December 25, 2021

4.2K
Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis
08:07

Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis

Published on: July 6, 2021

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • NAT10 enzyme catalyzes N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in eukaryotic RNA.
  • SNORD13, a small nucleolar RNA, is implicated in guiding ac4C to 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
  • The precise role and evolutionary conservation of SNORD13-mediated rRNA acetylation remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the requirement of SNORD13 for 18S rRNA acetylation in human and zebrafish.
  • To determine the functional significance of SNORD13-dependent ac4C modification in human cells.
  • To explore the evolutionary landscape of SNORD13 and rRNA acetylation mechanisms across eukaryotes.

Main Methods:

  • CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene knockout to assess SNORD13 function.
  • Biochemical assays to detect and quantify ac4C modification.
  • Comparative genomic analysis to identify SNORD13 homologs in metazoans.
  • Functional assays for cell growth, ribosome biogenesis, and translation.

Main Results:

  • SNORD13 is essential for ac4C modification at a single site on human and zebrafish 18S rRNA.
  • SNORD13-dependent ac4C is not required for human cell viability, ribosome biogenesis, translation, or development.
  • Novel SNORD13 genes were identified across metazoans, including an atypical RNA in Drosophila melanogaster.
  • Caenorhabditis elegans 18S rRNA lacks ac4C modification despite the presence of NAT10.

Conclusions:

  • SNORD13-mediated 18S rRNA acetylation is dispensable for fundamental cellular processes in humans.
  • The mechanisms and evolutionary trajectory of SNORD13-guided rRNA acetylation vary significantly across eukaryotic evolution.
  • This study highlights the complex biological and evolutionary relevance of conserved RNA modifications.