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Smoking during pregnancy--effects on the fetal thyroid function.

A Meberg, S Marstein

    Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica
    |September 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Maternal smoking during pregnancy is linked to lower birthweights in infants. This study found that newborns of mothers who smoked had altered thyroid hormone levels, suggesting potential thyroid hyperfunction contributing to growth restriction.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Neonatalogy
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for adverse neonatal outcomes.
    • The impact of maternal smoking on fetal thyroid function and its relation to growth retardation requires further elucidation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the association between maternal smoking and cord serum thyroid hormone levels in term infants.
    • To explore the potential role of fetal thyroid function in mediating growth retardation observed in infants of smoking mothers.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparison of birthweights and cord serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine index (FT4I) between infants of mothers who smoked heavily during pregnancy and non-smoking mothers.
    • Statistical analysis to determine significant differences between the groups.

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    Main Results:

    • Infants of mothers smoking ≥10 cigarettes daily had significantly lower birthweights compared to controls (p < 0.05).
    • Cord serum TSH was significantly decreased, and the FT4I/TSH ratio was significantly increased in the smoking group (p < 0.05).
    • Cord serum T4 and FT4I showed a trend towards being higher in the smoking group (0.05 < p < 0.10).

    Conclusions:

    • Infants born to mothers who smoke heavily during pregnancy may exhibit signs of fetal thyroid gland hyperfunction at birth.
    • This thyroid hyperfunction, potentially leading to increased metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, may be a contributing factor to fetal growth retardation associated with maternal smoking.