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Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...

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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

The Preparation and Properties of Thermo-reversibly Cross-linked Rubber Via Diels-Alder Chemistry

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Published on: August 25, 2016

Rapidly Reprocessable Cross-Linked Polyhydroxyurethanes Based on Disulfide Exchange.

David J Fortman^1,2, Rachel L Snyder^1,2, Daylan T Sheppard¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.

ACS Macro Letters

|June 2, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed reprocessable polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) using dynamic disulfide bonds. These advanced polymer networks offer robust mechanical properties and rapid reprocessing, avoiding harmful isocyanates.

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Published on: April 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Polymer Chemistry
Materials Science
Sustainable Polymers

Background:

Dynamic covalent bonds offer polymer reprocessability but often compromise mechanical strength.
Traditional polyurethanes, while mechanically robust, rely on hazardous isocyanate precursors.
Polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) are a safer alternative but require lengthy reprocessing times.

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance the reprocessability of polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) without sacrificing mechanical properties.
To develop a new class of isocyanate-free, reprocessable polymer networks.
To investigate the impact of incorporating dynamic disulfide bonds into PHU networks.

Main Methods:

Synthesized PHU networks using cystamine as a comonomer to introduce dynamic disulfide bonds.
Characterized thermal stability and mechanical properties of the resulting polymer networks.
Evaluated reprocessing efficiency and cross-link density recovery using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) after compression molding.

Main Results:

The disulfide-modified PHU networks exhibited comparable thermal stability and mechanical properties to conventional rigid PHUs.
These materials demonstrated rapid stress relaxation with characteristic relaxation times as short as 30 seconds at 150 °C.
Quantitative recovery of cross-link density was achieved after only 30 minutes of elevated-temperature compression molding.

Conclusions:

Incorporating dynamic disulfide bonds significantly accelerates the reprocessing of PHU networks.
This approach yields reprocessable, isocyanate-free PHU resins with excellent mechanical performance.
Disulfide-cross-linked PHUs represent a promising advancement in sustainable and recyclable polymer materials.