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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.4K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Related Experiment Video

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Tracking Bispecific Antibody-Induced T Cell Trafficking Using Luciferase-Transduced Human T Cells
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Trispecifics Improve Immune-Cell Engagement

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    Summary

    Trispecific antibodies offer enhanced precision for immunotherapeutics by targeting tumors or boosting immune cells. These advanced constructs, engaging T cells or natural killer cells, are advancing in clinical trials.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunotherapy
    • Antibody Engineering
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Drug developers are seeking improved precision in off-the-shelf immunotherapeutics.
    • Bispecific antibody approaches have limitations in targeting and activation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the development and advantages of trispecific antibody designs.
    • To highlight the clinical progression of novel trispecific constructs.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and engineering of trispecific antibody constructs.
    • Evaluation of tumor specificity and immune-cell activation.
    • Clinical trial assessment of T cell-engaging and NK cell-engaging trispecific antibodies.

    Main Results:

    • Trispecific antibodies demonstrate enhanced tumor specificity and immune-cell activation.

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  • Clinical trials are underway for trispecific constructs engaging T cells or natural killer cells.

    • Conclusions:

    • Trispecific antibody designs represent a significant advancement over bispecific approaches.
    • These novel constructs offer mechanistic advantages for cancer immunotherapy.