Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide (PFOSA) Induces Cardiotoxicity via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Zebrafish

Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), a precursor of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), is widely used during industrial processes, though little is known about its toxicity, particularly to early life stage organisms that are generally sensitive to xenobiotic exposure. Here, following exposure to concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/L PFOSA, transcriptional, morphological, physiological, and biochemical assays were used to evaluate the potential effects on aquatic organisms. The top Tox functions in exposed zebrafish were related to cardiac diseases predicted by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) analysis. Consistent with impacts predicted by transcriptional changes, abnormal cardiac morphology, disordered heartbeat signals, as well as reduced heart rate and cardiac output were observed following the exposure of 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 μg/L PFOSA. Furthermore, these PFOSA-induced cardiac effects were either prevented or alleviated by supplementation with an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) antagonist or ahr2-morpholino knock-down, uncovering a seminal role of AHR in PFOSA-induced cardiotoxicity. Our results provide the first evidence in fish that PFOSA can impair proper heart development and function and raises concern for PFOSA analogues in the natural environment.