Mechanisms and functions of long noncoding RNAs in intervertebral disc degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a key pathological process underlying low back pain. Although, to date, specific molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated, at the cellular level, it is mainly due to pathological changes in the life process of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in the intervertebral disc (IVD). These changes are closely related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, autophagy, inflammation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have gradually become a focus of scientific research because of their functional complexity and local tissue specific expression. Moreover, they mediate a series of cellular signaling pathways in NP cells by competing for microRNA (miRNA) or directly targeting gene expression by mRNA adsorption, thereby regulating cell life activities that play a vital role in the mechanism underlying IDD. In-depth studies on lncRNAs can help identify new therapeutic targets or aid in developing IDD treatment strategies at the gene level and those based on regenerative medicine, thus providing new ideas for researchers. This article reviews the classification, biological functions, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential of lncRNAs in IDD.