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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
04:01

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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[Safe thyroidectomy for thyroid and parathyroid diseases].

V I Belokonev1, S Yu Pushkin1, Z V Kovaleva1

  • 1Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia.

Khirurgiia
|June 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Safe thyroidectomy is achievable by visualizing and mobilizing the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This surgical technique significantly reduces the risk of voice problems after thyroid and parathyroid procedures.

Keywords:
parathyroidectomyprevention of damagerecurrent laryngeal nervethyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Oncology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroidectomy is a common procedure for thyroid and parathyroid diseases.
  • Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroidectomy can lead to significant postoperative complications, primarily phonation disorders.
  • Variability in RLN topography necessitates careful surgical planning and execution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a safe thyroidectomy technique focused on preventing recurrent laryngeal nerve damage.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of a specific surgical approach in minimizing RLN injury.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of postoperative outcomes in 342 patients undergoing thyroidectomy.
  • Anatomical study of RLN topography on 20 laryngeal-tracheal complexes.
  • Development and application of a visualization and mobilization technique for the RLN.

Main Results:

  • The study identified variable RLN locations in patients with nodular goiter, retrosternal goiter, and parathyroid adenoma.
  • Visualization and mobilization of the RLN were confirmed as crucial for preventing intraoperative damage.
  • Implementation of the described technique and training reduced phonation disorder incidence from 21.6% to 0.98%.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroidectomy can be performed safely with meticulous attention to surgical technique and anatomical structures.
  • Routine visualization and mobilization of the recurrent laryngeal nerve are essential for preventing postoperative voice dysfunction.
  • This approach enhances patient safety and improves outcomes in thyroid and parathyroid surgery.