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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

466
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
466
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

158
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
158
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

126
Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
126

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Predictors of Speech Severity and Inconsistency Over Time in Children With Token-to-Token Inconsistency.

Brigid McNeill1,2, Autumn L McIlraith, Toby Macrae3,4,5

  • 1School of Teacher Education, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

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Summary

Children with severe speech sound disorder (SSD) and high inconsistency show slower progress. Early intervention and vocabulary development are key for improving speech accuracy in these children.

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Area of Science:

  • Speech-Language Pathology
  • Child Development
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Speech sound disorder (SSD) is common in children.
  • High token-to-token inconsistency is a specific challenge in SSD.
  • Understanding developmental trajectories is crucial for effective intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe and explain changes in SSD severity.
  • To analyze changes in token-to-token inconsistency over time.
  • To investigate predictors of change in children with high inconsistency.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of 39 children with SSD and high inconsistency.
  • Data collected every 6 months over 2 years (5 assessment points).
  • Growth modeling used to analyze therapy support, vocabulary, severity, and inconsistency.

Main Results:

  • Children with more severe SSD and higher inconsistency showed less improvement.
  • Therapy support did not predict changes in speech accuracy or inconsistency.
  • Receptive vocabulary at study onset predicted better speech accuracy and lower inconsistency.

Conclusions:

  • Immediate intervention is recommended for inconsistent speech errors.
  • Vocabulary development is valuable alongside speech accuracy improvement.
  • Early intervention may mitigate long-term effects of severe SSD.