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Related Concept Videos

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Pseudotype Virus System for Assessing Omicron Subvariants and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Research
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SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant isolates from vaccinated individuals.

Lauren Brinkac1, Sheila Diepold2, Shane Mitchell3

  • 1Noblis, Reston, VA, 20191, USA. Lauren.Leone@noblis.org.

BMC Genomics
|June 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A new SARS-CoV-2 Delta sub-lineage with novel mutations, including in the spike protein, has emerged in vaccinated individuals in the U.S. These genetic changes may impact transmissibility and immune evasion.

Keywords:
COVID-19Delta B.1.617.2Genome sequencingMutationSARS-CoV-2VaccineVariant of concern

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant rapidly became dominant in the U.S. due to increased transmissibility and immune evasion.
  • Vaccine breakthrough infections with Delta have raised concerns about viral evolution in vaccinated populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variants in vaccinated individuals in the U.S.
  • To identify and characterize novel mutations and their potential impact on viral properties.

Main Methods:

  • Whole genome sequencing of 34 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples using Oxford Nanopore MinION.
  • Evolutionary genomic analysis to identify mutations and compare isolates.

Main Results:

  • Two novel mutations, ORF1b:V2354F and ORF7a:Q94*, were identified in a cluster of Delta isolates from vaccinated individuals in Colorado.
  • The ORF1b:V2354F mutation may alter protein structure, while ORF7a:Q94* truncates a protein involved in transport.
  • An additional mutation, S112L in the spike protein, was found in these isolates, potentially affecting antibody binding.

Conclusions:

  • An emerging sub-lineage of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant is circulating in the U.S.
  • Mutations conferring a potential advantage to the virus are likely to persist.
  • Further monitoring of viral evolution in vaccinated populations is warranted.