Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography
07:11

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography

Published on: October 28, 2020

Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical and two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment

E K Louie, B J Maron

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |May 1, 1987
    PubMed

    Insights

    Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a rare, nonobstructive form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This study found it uncommon in a North American population, with distinct features from previously described Japanese cases.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Genetics
    • Internal Medicine

    Background:

    • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic heart muscle disease.
    • Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHC) is a morphologic variant.
    • Previous studies primarily described AHC in Japanese populations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of AHC in a North American cohort.
    • To compare AHC findings in a North American population with those previously reported in Japanese patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective review of 965 patients with HCM evaluated by echocardiography.
    • Analysis of morphologic features, clinical presentation, and electrocardiographic findings.

    Main Results:

    • Only 23 patients (2%) had nonobstructive AHC, with predominant apical wall thickening.
    • Patients were predominantly male (mean age 37 years) and white.
    • Fifteen patients experienced functional limitations, mainly exertional dyspnea and fatigue.
    • Only 3 patients exhibited AHC morphology similar to Japanese descriptions; 2 had giant negative T waves.

    Conclusions:

    • Nonobstructive AHC is uncommon in this North American HCM population.
    • The morphologic and clinical features of AHC in this cohort differed from those previously reported in Japanese patients.
    • Apical hypertrophy predominantly in the distal left ventricle is rare in North American patients with HCM.

    More Related Videos

    Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure07:41

    Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

    Published on: February 8, 2022

    Comprehensive Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricle Function in a Rat Model of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension07:38

    Comprehensive Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricle Function in a Rat Model of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

    Published on: January 20, 2023

    Related Concept Videos

    Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

    Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

    Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
    Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

    Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

    Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
    Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

    Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

    The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
    Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

    Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

    Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
    Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

    Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

    Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
    Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

    Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

    Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...