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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Generating Transposon Insertion Libraries in Gram-Negative Bacteria for High-Throughput Sequencing
Published on: July 7, 2020
Resistance mechanisms in Gram-negative bacteria
J A Lepe1, L Martínez-Martínez2
1Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Universidad de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
Abstract:
Enterobacterales resistant to carbapenems or producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and non-fermenters resistant to carbapenems present resistance to many of the antimicrobials commonly used in clinical practice, and have been recognized by the World Health Organization as a critical priority for the development of new antimicrobials. In this review, the main mechanisms of resistance of Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to β-lactams, quinolones, aminoglycosides and polymyxins will be addressed. Updated information will be presented on the importance in resistance of antimicrobial modification mechanisms (including class C or extended-spectrum β-lactamases, carbapenemases and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes), permeability alterations due to porin or lipopolysaccharide expression disorders, production of active efflux pumps, target alterations or protection, and expression of two-component systems.
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