Ebullition-facilitated mobilization of trapped dense non-aqueous phase liquid at residual saturation from sandy...

Gas ebullition can mobilize dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) from sediments to the overlying water column, increasing the DNAPL-impacted area and posing serious challenges to the remediation and management of contaminated sediments. Despite this, there have been few laboratory studies focused on gas ebullition-facilitated transport of DNAPL. In this study, bubble-facilitated transport was investigated by injecting gas (air or nitrogen) at 1 mL/min through a creosote source zone (∼25% saturation) capped with sand layers of different thicknesses. Three short-term experiments (8.3-8.7 h) were capped with 11.4, 7.0 or 4.5 cm of sand to estimate DNAPL flux. One long-term experiment (30 days) was capped with 8 cm of sand to investigate DNAPL removal. Heptane placed on a layer of water above the sand was used as a solvent trap and analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs). Results showed that creosote travelled as thin coatings and films surrounding gas bubbles migrating out of the source zone. Gas invasion was dominated by capillarity in the 11.4 cm-thick sand layer and by fracturing in the 7.0 and 4.5 cm-thick sand layers. Migration through these fractures often led to the formation of creosote tails on mobilized bubbles that drained towards the rear end of the bubble. The mass released decreased exponentially with sand cap thickness. In the long-term experiment, images showed significant depletion of the source zone in 30 days. Linear regression analysis showed that relationships with high predictive capabilities for ebullition-facilitated fluxes of hydrophobic organic contaminants can be obtained by incorporating gas ebullition flux and source strength, based on results from this study along with others from the field and laboratory. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compile and integrate data collected from laboratory and field studies to develop an assessment tool to facilitate the management of contaminated sediments affected by gas ebullition.