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Updated: Sep 21, 2025
A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
Published on: June 2, 2015
Retrospective analysis: 5509 cases of "totally implantable venous access port systems implantation (TIVAPS) depth"
Kuo Chen1, Jin Zhang2, Narasimha M Beeraka3
1Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshedong Str, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
Purpose:
Modern oncological treatment in breast cancer patients requires the precise delivery of chemotherapy infusion into the central venous systems without toxicity. TIVAPS is the significant method of chemotherapy delivery although certain internal or external complications associated with their placement. However, the long-term use of TIVAPS is still a concern to minimize the complications such as venous thrombosis syndrome (VTS) and cardiac defects. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential disadvantages that may be avoided by digital radiography (DR)-assisted measurement of catheter depth pertinent to TIVAPS implanted system.
Methods:
Retrospective analysis related to 5509 TIVAPS recipients of 99% female breast cancer patients and 1% male blood disorder patients registered from April 2013 to November 2017 were included in the study. Patients with TIVAPS catheter tip depth into superior vena cava into upper (group A), middle (group B), and lower (group C) parts were stratified for evaluation during implantation; DR-assisted measurement of TIVAPS was performed to decipher "tip depth of catheter" and determined the relevance of tip depth to complications such as VTS and cardiac defects.
Results:
Incidence of VTS complications were significantly higher in TIVAPS recipients of group A (82.7%) than group B (16%) and group C (0.12%) in which the "tip depth of TIVAPS was deeper" (P < 0.01). Defects in heart function are higher in group C (59.6%) than group A (15.8%) and group B (24.6%) in which the "tip depth of TIVAPS was deeper" (P < 0.01).
Conclusion:
DR-assisted measurement can more accurately determine the depth of TIVAPS catheter implantation, and avoid the incidence of related complications, and provide a better method for surgeons.
