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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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An EPR-Independent extravasation Strategy: Deformable leukocytes as vehicles for improved solid tumor therapy.

Huayu Wu1, Weishuo Li2, Meixi Hao1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|June 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Leukocytes offer a novel, EPR-independent approach for drug delivery in solid tumors. Their unique ability to infiltrate tumor tissues overcomes limitations of conventional nanomedicines, improving therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
Drug DeliveryEPRExtravasationLeukocyte-based VehiclesSolid Tumor

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Effective drug delivery to solid tumors is critical but challenged by tumor heterogeneity.
  • Conventional nanomedicines relying on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect show limited efficacy.
  • Leukocytes possess intrinsic properties for navigating tumor microenvironments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of leukocytes as drug delivery vehicles, independent of the EPR effect.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of leukocyte-based drug delivery strategies.
  • To inspire future research in advanced drug delivery systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of intrinsic leukocyte properties, including extravasation and interstitial migration.
  • Analysis of leukocyte-based drug loading and unloading mechanisms.
  • Discussion of potential applications in solid tumor treatment.

Main Results:

  • Leukocytes demonstrate inherent capabilities for tumor tissue penetration, bypassing EPR limitations.
  • Various strategies exist for loading therapeutic agents onto leukocytes.
  • Leukocyte-mediated delivery shows promise for enhanced tumor targeting and treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Leukocytes represent a promising, EPR-independent platform for targeted solid tumor drug delivery.
  • Leveraging leukocyte biology offers a new paradigm for overcoming conventional nanomedicine challenges.
  • Further research into leukocyte-based vehicles could significantly advance cancer therapeutics.