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Related Concept Videos

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues
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Cancer Epigenomics and Beyond: Advancing the Precision Oncology Paradigm.

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Cancer treatment advances, including genomics and precision oncology, face drug resistance. Epigenetics offers new insights into tumor biology and potential therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology and Molecular Biology
  • Genomics and Epigenetics

Background:

  • Cancer characterization and treatment have significantly evolved due to advances in genomics.
  • Targeted small molecules and immunomodulatory agents have driven progress in precision oncology.
  • Drug resistance remains a major challenge, highlighting gaps in understanding tumor biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental and clinical examples shaping molecular understanding of cancer.
  • To highlight the emerging role of epigenetics in cancer hallmarks.
  • To discuss the translation of cancer epigenome research into clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of selected experimental and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of large-scale cancer epigenome interrogation data.
  • Exploration of molecular-level cancer mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Genomic tools have detailed cancer regulatory pathways.
  • Epigenetics is recognized as a fundamental process in cancer development.
  • Complex epigenetic mechanisms are being uncovered through large-scale studies.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding epigenetics is crucial for overcoming drug resistance.
  • Advances in epigenetics research promise to revolutionize cancer diagnostics and treatments.
  • Translating molecular insights into clinical strategies will enhance precision oncology.