Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
06:46

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

Published on: July 5, 2022

2.9K

Risk of birth defects by pregestational type 1 or type 2 diabetes: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011

Stephanie L Marchincin1, Meredith M Howley1, Alissa R Van Zutphen1,2

  • 1Birth Defects Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.

Birth Defects Research
|June 6, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Pregestational diabetes, both type 1 (PGD1) and type 2 (PGD2), is linked to numerous birth defects across all body systems. Improved glycemic control is crucial for preventing these adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Existing research indicates a correlation between pregestational diabetes and birth defects.
  • Distinct biological pathways for type 1 (PGD1) and type 2 (PGD2) diabetes necessitate separate analyses of their association with birth defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and quantify the association between PGD1 and PGD2 and specific birth defects.
  • To differentiate the risks associated with PGD1 versus PGD2 for various congenital anomalies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) spanning October 1997 to December 2011.
  • Compared self-reported PGD1 and PGD2 in 29,024 birth defect cases and 10,898 live-born controls.
  • Calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for associations, employing Firth's penalized likelihood for small case groups.

Main Results:

  • PGD1 was associated with 22 out of 26 examined defects, and PGD2 with 29 out of 39.
  • Elevated aORs were observed for both PGD1 (1.6-70.4) and PGD2 (1.6-59.9) across all evaluated body systems.
  • Sacral agenesis showed the strongest associations for both PGD1 (aOR: 70.4) and PGD2 (aOR: 59.9).

Conclusions:

  • Both PGD1 and PGD2 demonstrate significant positive associations with a wide range of birth defects.
  • Findings underscore the importance of glycemic control in mitigating birth defect risks for pregnancies affected by diabetes.
  • Further research into glycemic control's role is recommended for effective prevention strategies.
Abstract

Keywords:
birth defectcase-control studypregestational diabetestype 1 diabetestype 2 diabetes

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Understanding Retinal Vessel Resilience and Disease Progression04:36

Author Spotlight: Understanding Retinal Vessel Resilience and Disease Progression

Published on: January 12, 2024

1.2K
Author Spotlight: Exploring the Long-Term Health Impacts of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection on Offspring06:11

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Long-Term Health Impacts of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection on Offspring

Published on: May 17, 2024

773

Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...