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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

297
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
297
Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

206
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
206
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

291
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
291
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

623
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
623
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

969
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
969
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

689
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Epilepsy Care in Transgender Patients.

Genna Waldman1,2, Rachael Benson3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 710 W. 168th Street, 7th floor, New York, NY, 10032, USA.

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|June 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Treating transgender patients with epilepsy requires understanding how gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) affects anti-seizure drugs and seizure control. This review highlights key interactions and common co-morbidities in this population.

Keywords:
Anti-seizure medicationEpilepsyGender-affirming hormone therapyHormoneSeizureTransgender

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Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Transgender Health

Background:

  • Epilepsy management in transgender individuals presents unique challenges.
  • Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) can influence neurological and endocrine systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review considerations for treating transgender patients with epilepsy.
  • To examine interactions between GAHT and anti-seizure medications (ASMs).
  • To discuss co-morbidities prevalent in transgender individuals with epilepsy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on interactions between GAHT and ASMs.
  • Analysis of hormonal effects on seizure control.
  • Identification of common co-morbidities in the transgender epilepsy population.

Main Results:

  • Estrogen in GAHT can decrease lamotrigine serum concentrations.
  • Enzyme-inducing ASMs may reduce GAHT hormone levels.
  • Transgender epilepsy patients face risks of decreased bone mineral density and depression.

Conclusions:

  • Healthcare providers must understand bidirectional interactions between GAHT and ASMs.
  • Hormonal influences on seizure control require careful consideration.
  • Further research is needed to optimize treatment outcomes for transgender epilepsy patients.