Computational investigation of benzalacetophenone derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 as potential multi-target bioactive...

Benzalacetophenones, precursors of flavonoids are aromatic ketones and enones and possess the immunostimulant as well as antiviral activities. Thus, benzalacetophenones were screened against the COVID-19 that could be lethal in patients with compromised immunity. We considered ChEBI recorded benzalacetophenone derivative(s) and evaluated their activity against 3C-like protease (3CL^pro), papain-like protease (PL^pro), and spike protein of SARS-Cov-2 to elucidate their possible role as antiviral agents. The probable targets for each compound were retrieved from DIGEP-Pred at 0.5 pharmacological activity and all the modulated proteins were enriched to identify the probably regulated pathways, biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. In addition, molecular docking was performed using AutoDock 4 and the best-identified hits were subjected to all-atom molecular dynamics simulation and binding energy calculations using molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA). The compound 4-hydroxycordoin showed the highest druglikeness score and regulated nine proteins of which five were down-regulated and four were upregulated. Similarly, enrichment analysis identified the modulation of multiple pathways concerned with the immune system as well as pathways related to infectious and non-infectious diseases. Likewise, 3'-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4'-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4,2'-dihydroxychalcone with 3CL^pro, 4-hydroxycordoin with PL^pro and mallotophilippen D with spike protein receptor-binding domain showed highest binding affinity, revealed stable interactions during the simulation, and scored binding free energy of -26.09 kcal/mol, -16.28 kcal/mol, and -39.2 kcal/mol, respectively. Predicted anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of the benzalacetophenones reflected the requirement of wet lab studies to develop novel antiviral candidates.