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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Engineering the multiscale complexity of vascular networks.

Colleen O'Connor1,2, Eileen Brady2,3, Ying Zheng1,2,4

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA.

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PubMed
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Engineered vascular networks are crucial for tissue regeneration and disease modeling. Recent materials science advances, including bioprinting and microfluidics, enable fabrication of complex, perfusable 3D vascular systems.

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Biological modelsBiomaterialsPreclinical research

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Vascular networks are vital for oxygen and nutrient delivery, essential for vertebrate survival.
  • Dysregulation of vasculature is linked to major diseases like hypertension, diabetes, and cancer.
  • Engineering functional vascular networks is critical for tissue engineering, disease modeling, and drug testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review materials science advancements in vascular engineering.
  • To highlight new tools for visualizing and fabricating vascular networks.
  • To categorize current vascular engineering approaches and identify future opportunities.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of bioprinting, organoids, and microfluidic systems for vascular fabrication.
  • Categorization of vascular engineering into technology-driven and nature-driven approaches.
  • Review of materials advances enabling visualization and construction of vasculature.

Main Results:

  • New methods allow fabrication of 3D vascular topologies at a cellular scale with lumen perfusion.
  • Materials advances have provided new tools for visualizing and building vasculature.
  • Progress has been made in creating perfusable vascular networks in engineered tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Materials science innovations are transforming vascular engineering.
  • Bioprinting, organoids, and microfluidics are key technologies for creating engineered vasculature.
  • Further research is needed to replicate the complex multiscale nature of natural vascular networks.