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Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
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Preterm birth and educational disadvantage: Heterogeneous effects.

Anna Baranowska-Rataj1, Kieron Barclay2,3,4, Joan Costa-Font3

  • 1Umeå University.

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|June 7, 2022
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Summary

Preterm birth impacts later school performance, especially for extremely preterm infants. However, children born moderately preterm show no ill effects on academic achievement.

Keywords:
educational disadvantagegestational ageparental effectspremature birthsregister-based researchschool districtssibling models

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Public Health
  • Educational Research

Background:

  • Preterm birth is a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity.
  • Long-term consequences of prematurity on later life outcomes, particularly academic achievement, are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between preterm birth and school grades at age 16.
  • To examine the influence of prematurity degree and school district characteristics on academic outcomes.
  • To assess the role of family socio-economic resources in mitigating potential negative effects of preterm birth.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Swedish population registers for cohorts born between 1982 and 1994 (N=1,087,750).
  • Employed sibling fixed effects models to control for unobserved familial factors.
  • Analyzed the impact of varying degrees of prematurity and school district quality.

Main Results:

  • Significant negative effects of preterm birth on school grades were primarily observed in extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks).
  • Moderately preterm infants (32-<37 weeks) showed no discernible negative academic impact.
  • Parental socio-economic resources did not moderate the effects of preterm birth on grades.
  • Extremely preterm children in high-performing school districts achieved grades comparable to full-term children in average districts.

Conclusions:

  • The academic consequences of preterm birth are concentrated among the most extremely preterm infants.
  • Environmental factors, such as school district quality, may play a crucial role in academic attainment for extremely preterm children.
  • Interventions and support systems should focus on the most vulnerable preterm populations and consider the impact of educational environments.