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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

4.1K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.5K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.5K
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

5.8K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

29.9K
Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
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Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Predicting dinitrogen activation by borenium and borinium cations.

Chenshu Dai1, Jun Zhu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China. jun.zhu@xmu.edu.cn.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|June 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Metal-free dinitrogen (N2) activation is achieved using frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). These FLPs, combining carbene and borenium/borinium cations, offer a low-energy pathway for N2 activation, highlighting the role of aromaticity.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Dinitrogen (N2) activation is challenging due to its strong triple bond.
  • Metal-free N2 activation strategies are underdeveloped.
  • Recent advances include N2 activation by boron species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) for metal-free N2 activation.
  • To screen potential FLP candidates using computational methods.
  • To elucidate the role of aromaticity in stabilizing N2 activation products.

Main Methods:

  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Systematic investigation of FLPs (carbene and borenium/borinium cations).
  • Analysis of aromaticity using nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS), anisotropy of the current-induced density (ACID), and electron density of delocalized bonds (EDDB).

Main Results:

  • Two FLPs (closed-form borenium and open-form borinium) effectively activate N2.
  • Low energy barriers of 9.6 and 7.3 kcal mol-1 were observed for the respective FLPs.
  • Aromaticity significantly stabilizes the N2 activation products.

Conclusions:

  • Frustrated Lewis pairs offer a viable metal-free approach for N2 activation.
  • The electronic properties of FLPs, particularly aromaticity, are crucial for efficient N2 activation.
  • This study opens new avenues for designing catalysts for N2 fixation.