Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 20, 2025
Brain-Computer Interface-controlled Upper Limb Robotic System for Enhancing Daily Activities in Stroke Patients
Published on: April 18, 2025
Development and Psychometric Testing of the Bimanual Assessment Measure for People With Chronic Stroke
Brian P Johnson1, Jill Whitall2, Sandy McCombe Waller3
1Brian P. Johnson, PhD, OTR/L, is Postdoctoral Fellow, Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Importance:
Few tools are available to assess bimanual deficits after stroke.
Objective:
To develop the Bimanual Assessment Measure (BAM), which assesses a person's hand coordination in both preferred and prestroke roles (i.e., stabilizer or manipulator).
Design:
Development and psychometric testing of the BAM.
Setting:
Research laboratory.
Participants:
People with chronic stroke (n = 24), age-matched controls (n = 23), and occupational therapists (n = 40).
Outcomes And Measures:
We assessed the BAM's internal consistency, reliability, and face and known-groups validity.
Results:
Items were selected as meaningful tasks that represented a range of bimanual coordination requirements (e.g., symmetrical forces and timing, asymmetrical forces and timing, time-limited reactive movement). Focus groups of people with stroke and occupational therapists provided input into BAM development. The BAM was found to have excellent reliability and internal consistency and face and known-groups validity.
Conclusions And Relevance:
The BAM is a valid, reliable measure for people with chronic stroke that identifies bimanual coordination deficits beyond unimanual impairments and the potential capacity for people to return to prestroke hand roles (i.e., as a manipulator). What This Article Adds: This article introduces the BAM as a new assessment measure of bimanual functioning with the potential capacity to restore prestroke hand roles as either a manipulator or a stabilizer among people with chronic stroke.
