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Related Concept Videos

Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
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Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Biological Methods for Microbial Control01:28

Biological Methods for Microbial Control

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Biological agents offer an effective means of controlling microbial growth by leveraging natural processes like predation, competition, and the secretion of antimicrobial substances.Predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio species target and kill pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli. They are widely used in poultry farms to control infections. Myxococcus species help combat plant-pathogenic fungi. These naturally occurring predators serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and...
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
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Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

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Overview
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Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method
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Novel antimicrobial agents for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang1, Sue C Nang2, Hak-Kim Chan1

  • 1Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

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|June 7, 2022
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Summary

Novel antimicrobial therapies like bacteriophages and phage enzymes are crucial for combating drug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. These strategies offer hope in the

Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistanceBacteriophage (phage)ESKAPEEndolysinImmunomodulatorsMonoclonal antibodies

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance is rendering traditional therapies ineffective against critical bacterial pathogens.
  • ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) cause severe, life-threatening infections.
  • The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria poses a significant global health threat.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically analyze novel antimicrobial strategies against MDR bacterial infections.
  • To review recent advances in bacteriophages, phage-encoded enzymes, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies.
  • To highlight preclinical and clinical investigations of these emerging therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on novel antimicrobial agents.
  • Analysis of therapeutic strategies including bacteriophages, phage enzymes, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies.
  • Evaluation of combinatorial approaches for treating multidrug-resistant infections.

Main Results:

  • Bacteriophages, phage-derived enzymes, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies show promise against ESKAPE pathogens.
  • Combinatorial strategies may enhance efficacy and overcome resistance mechanisms.
  • Significant progress has been made in preclinical and clinical investigations of these novel therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Novel therapeutic strategies are essential to address the 'Bad Bugs, No Drugs' crisis.
  • These approaches can effectively treat life-threatening infections caused by MDR bacteria.
  • Emerging therapies hold the potential to preserve the efficacy of existing antibiotics.