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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
1.9K
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

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Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

82
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
82
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

1.6K
The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

47
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

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Comorbidities in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Andrea Deichl1,2, Rolf Wachter3,4,5, Frank Edelmann6,7

  • 1Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.

Herz
|June 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Chronic heart failure (CHF) management focuses on symptom relief and treating comorbidities. Early risk factor minimization is key, as evidence-based therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are limited.

Keywords:
Congestive heart failureHFpEFPrevalencePrognosisTreatment options

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Geriatrics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality in industrialized nations.
  • Aging populations are increasing CHF prevalence and associated comorbidities, worsening patient prognosis.
  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) presents a complex clinical challenge with limited evidence-based treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major comorbidities in CHF, including their prevalence, prognostic impact, and current treatment strategies.
  • To discuss the challenges in managing HFpEF and the current status of its treatment.
  • To emphasize the importance of optimized care and prevention in managing CHF.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of major comorbidities associated with chronic heart failure.
  • Analysis of prevalence, impact on prognosis, and treatment approaches for selected comorbidities.
  • Discussion of current study status and challenges in HFpEF management.

Main Results:

  • Key comorbidities include atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, renal dysfunction, and type 2 diabetes.
  • These comorbidities significantly impact CHF prognosis and survival.
  • Current HFpEF treatment relies on managing comorbidities, with no specific HFpEF therapies recommended.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized care structures integrating inpatient and outpatient services are crucial for reducing hospitalizations.
  • Focus remains on symptom relief and managing associated comorbidities.
  • Prevention through early risk factor minimization is the most effective current strategy for CHF.