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Even tiny amounts of surface atoms can trigger a global Kekulé distortion in graphene, a quantum material phase. This discovery highlights graphene

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Quantum Materials

Background:

Quantum materials exhibit sensitivity to environmental perturbations, leading to competing ground states.
Graphene displays competing phases, including a bond density wave instability known as Kekulé distortion, which affects electron coupling and lattice symmetry.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the onset and characteristics of the Kekulé distortion in graphene.
To determine the influence of dilute surface adsorbates on graphene's electronic and structural properties.

Main Methods:

Utilized angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) for momentum-sensitive electronic structure analysis.
Employed low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) to probe lattice symmetry and structural ordering.
Investigated graphene systems with extremely low concentrations of adsorbed surface atoms.

Main Results:

Observed a ubiquitous Kekulé distortion across various graphene systems.
Demonstrated that less than three adsorbed atoms per 1000 graphene unit cells can induce a global Kekulé density wave phase.
Confirmed the presence of the density wave phase and observed the opening of an energy gap using ARPES and LEED.

Conclusions:

Graphene exhibits remarkable sensitivity to dilute surface disorder.
Adsorbed atoms can self-assemble to trigger novel quantum phases in two-dimensional materials.
This provides a new pathway for designing and controlling quantum phases in graphene and similar materials.