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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping
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[Transitional Medicine for Neurologists: An Overview].

Hideki Mochizuki1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.

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Summary

Improved survival for pediatric neurological disorder patients necessitates better healthcare transition strategies. This article addresses challenges and recent initiatives by the Japanese Society of Neurology for pediatric to adult healthcare transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Healthcare Transition

Background:

  • Medical advances improve survival for pediatric patients with severe neurological disorders into adulthood.
  • This demographic shift highlights the need for a structured transition from pediatric to adult healthcare systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline challenges neurologists face during the pediatric to adult healthcare transition.
  • To report on the recent activities of the Japanese Society of Neurology's Special Committee for Measures Against Transition from Pediatric to Adult Health Care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of challenges in transitioning pediatric neurological patients to adult care.
  • Description of the establishment and activities of a dedicated committee by the Japanese Society of Neurology.

Main Results:

  • Identified key challenges in the pediatric to adult healthcare transition for neurological patients.
  • Detailed the formation and ongoing work of the Special Committee for Measures Against Transition from Pediatric to Adult Health Care.

Conclusions:

  • Effective transition support systems are crucial for adults with childhood-onset neurological disorders.
  • The Japanese Society of Neurology is actively addressing transition challenges through its specialized committee.