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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

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Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

An Engineered Split-TET2 Enzyme for Chemical-inducible DNA Hydroxymethylation and Epigenetic Remodeling
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Taf2 mediates DNA binding of Taf14.

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  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.

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The yeast transcription factor TFIID requires Taf14 and Taf2 subunits to function. Taf2 binding unlocks Taf14

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Structural biology
  • Yeast genetics

Background:

  • The yeast general transcription factor TFIID complex is crucial for gene transcription.
  • Specific interactions between Taf14 and Taf2 subunits are necessary for TFIID assembly and function.
  • The precise mechanism of Taf14-Taf2 interaction and its role in transcription remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular and structural basis of Taf14 and Taf2 subunit interactions within the yeast TFIID complex.
  • To investigate the DNA-binding activity of the Taf14 subunit and its regulation.
  • To determine the functional significance of Taf14-Taf2 interaction and Taf14 DNA binding in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of Taf14 domains bound to Taf2.
  • Biochemical assays to assess DNA-binding activity of Taf14.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the role of specific domains.
  • Genetic analysis in yeast to evaluate the in vivo function.

Main Results:

  • The YEATS and ET domains of Taf14 bind to the C-terminal tail of Taf2.
  • A unique DNA-binding activity was identified in the linker region of Taf14.
  • Taf14's DNA-binding is autoinhibited in the absence of ligands.
  • Taf2 binding induces a conformational change in Taf14, releasing the linker for DNA and nucleosome engagement.
  • In vivo, the association of Taf14 with Taf2 and DNA is essential for transcriptional regulation.

Conclusions:

  • The interaction between Taf14 and Taf2 is regulated by conformational changes.
  • Taf2 binding activates Taf14's DNA-binding capability, facilitating transcription.
  • This study provides a structural and mechanistic basis for understanding TFIID function in yeast transcription.