Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

Dihybrid Crosses01:18

Dihybrid Crosses

76.3K
Overview
76.3K
Chi-square Analysis02:46

Chi-square Analysis

38.8K
The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
The chi-square test was developed by Pearson in 1990.
The first step of performing a Chi-square analysis is to establish a null hypothesis, which assumes that there is no real...
38.8K
Monohybrid Crosses01:20

Monohybrid Crosses

231.5K
Overview
231.5K
Law of Independent Assortment02:03

Law of Independent Assortment

56.7K
While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
56.7K
Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

8.6K
In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
8.6K
Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

24.0K
Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...
24.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Optimum recombination rates for genetic gains in simulated recurrent selection in empirical maize populations.

The plant genome·2026
Same author

Do maize chromosomes contribute to genetic variance in proportion to their size in elite populations?

The plant genome·2026
Same author

Improving a hybrid from within itself.

TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik·2025
Same author

Contribution of crossing over to genetic variance in maize and wheat populations.

The plant genome·2025
Same author

Whole-genome versus per-chromosome targeted recombination: Simulations and predicted gains in maize with an integer programming model.

The plant genome·2023
Same author

Reciprocal testcross design for genome-wide prediction of maize single-cross performance.

TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik·2023
Same journal

Landscape genetics of the copal tree, Bursera cuneata (Burseraceae): the key role of the tropical dry forest in shaping connectivity at the regional scale.

Heredity·2026
Same journal

From Paleogene to Anthropocene: phylogeography, geographic patterns of traits, and chronology of evolutionary drivers in northeast Asian anurans.

Heredity·2026
Same journal

It is hard to be small: Inbreeding depression on male breeding success depends on body size in a threatened songbird.

Heredity·2026
Same journal

How precise are mutation rate estimates? Comparison of different approaches to estimate de novo mutation rates.

Heredity·2026
Same journal

Insights from farming Macrocystis pyrifera offshore: phenotypic analysis, genome-wide association studies, genomic selection.

Heredity·2026
Same journal

Genomic prediction of wild-derived powdery mildew resistance for strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) pre-breeding.

Heredity·2026
See all related articles
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize
09:23

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

14.0K

Covariance between nonrelatives in maize.

Rex Bernardo1

  • 1Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA. bernardo@umn.edu.

Heredity
|June 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Covariance between non-related maize lines was investigated. Some traits showed significant covariance, suggesting a unified framework for genetic resemblance is needed.

More Related Videos

Imaging and Analysis for Quantifying Maize (Zea mays) Abiotic Stress Phenotypes
06:41

Imaging and Analysis for Quantifying Maize (Zea mays) Abiotic Stress Phenotypes

Published on: March 28, 2025

1.1K
Author Spotlight: Investigating Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms in Maize
06:12

Author Spotlight: Investigating Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms in Maize

Published on: September 15, 2023

1.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize
09:23

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

14.0K
Imaging and Analysis for Quantifying Maize (Zea mays) Abiotic Stress Phenotypes
06:41

Imaging and Analysis for Quantifying Maize (Zea mays) Abiotic Stress Phenotypes

Published on: March 28, 2025

1.1K
Author Spotlight: Investigating Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms in Maize
06:12

Author Spotlight: Investigating Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms in Maize

Published on: September 15, 2023

1.9K

Area of Science:

  • Quantitative genetics
  • Plant breeding
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Covariance between relatives is a fundamental concept in quantitative genetics.
  • The covariance between non-relatives in crops, specifically maize (Zea mays L.), has not been extensively studied.
  • Understanding genetic resemblance in non-related individuals is crucial for breeding programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if a covariance exists between non-related maize lines.
  • To assess the presence and nature of covariance for specific phenotypic traits in unrelated maize.
  • To propose a unified framework for expressing genetic resemblance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 272 maize lines genotyped with 28,626 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.
  • Identified pairs of unrelated lines based on membership probabilities in five subpopulations.
  • Assessed covariance between non-relatives using regression of phenotypic similarity on SNP similarity.

Main Results:

  • Seven out of 77 regressions were significant at a 5% false discovery rate for traits including flowering time, plant and ear height, oil, starch, and protein content.
  • A negative covariance was observed for protein between specific unrelated lines (B73 and Mo17).
  • This negative covariance was attributed to differing linkage phases between markers and causal variants in subpopulations.

Conclusions:

  • Covariance between non-related individuals in maize is not universal but occurs for specific traits and certain groups.
  • A negative covariance can arise due to distinct subpopulation genetic architectures.
  • Proposed a generalized covariance framework combining related and non-related individual resemblance for a unified approach.