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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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RNA Splicing01:32

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Search for a standard-model-like Higgs boson with a mass in the range 145 to 1000 GeV at the LHC.

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Search for physics beyond the standard model in events with <i>Ï„</i> leptons, jets, and large transverse momentum imbalance in pp collisions at [Formula: see text].

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Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting
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SARS-CoV-2 Variant Spike and accessory gene mutations alter pathogenesis.

M E McGrath1, Y Xue2, C Dillen1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|June 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

SARS-CoV-2 variants spread due to mutations. Non-Spike mutations in these variants can affect pathogenesis and viral replication, potentially leading to less severe disease and increased transmission opportunities.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic continues despite vaccines due to SARS-CoV-2 variants.
  • Variant mutations, particularly in the Spike protein, drive immune evasion and transmission.
  • Mutations in accessory genes may also influence viral pathogenesis and host interactions.

Approach:

  • Synthesized SARS-CoV-2 viruses with variant Spike genes replacing the WA1 Spike in an infectious clone.
  • Characterized in vitro and in vivo replication of these modified viruses.
  • Compared replication and pathogenesis to full variant viruses.

Key Points:

  • Non-Spike mutations contribute to SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis.
  • Accessory gene mutations can influence innate immune signaling and host machinery.
  • Variant accessory protein mutations may lead to attenuating phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Non-Spike mutations play a significant role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
  • Balancing Spike-mediated entry with attenuating non-Spike mutations is crucial for viral fitness.
  • Understanding these mutations informs strategies against evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.